7 Risk Factors for Stroke
1. Prior Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack
Having a stroke puts an individual at increased risk for having another, or recurrent, stroke. The National Stroke Association estimates at least 25- to 35-percent of Americans who have a stroke each year will have a recurrent stroke within their lifetime. Within 5-years of an initial stroke, the risk for recurrent stroke can increase more than 40-percent. Within 5-years of a stroke, 24-percent of women and 42-percent of men will experience a recurrent stroke.
A transient ischemic attack, also referred to as a mini-stroke, may have the same symptoms as a stroke, but the symptoms resolve in minutes to hours (usually less than 24 hours). Symptoms may include weakness, trouble speaking, vision problems, headache, and dizziness. TIA is a medical emergency because it puts individuals at increased for stroke. According to the National Stroke Association 40-percent of individuals who have a TIA will have an actual stroke. Nearly 50-percent of all strokes occur within a few days after TIA.
2. Hypertension
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a major risk factor for stroke. An article published in Hypertension reports the condition affects approximately 43-million individuals in the United States. If an individual is older than 60-years, hypertension is defined as a blood pressure greater than 150/90 mm Hg. If an individual is younger than 60-years, hypertension is defined as a blood pressure greater than 140/90-mm Hg. An article published in the Archives of Internal Medicine reports less than 30-percent of those being treated have blood pressure lower than 140/90-mm Hg.
Hypertension is the most common and modifiable risk factor for stroke. The treatment of hypertension reduces the risk of stroke. An article published in Lancet reports that a decrease in diastolic blood pressure of 5- to 6-mm Hg reduces the risk for stroke by 42-percent. The Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) study shows treatment of isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly decreases the risk for stroke by 36-percent.
3. Myocardial Infarction
Myocardial infarction (MI), or heart attack, is a major risk factor for stroke. It is directly related to and caused by atherosclerosis, which is the hardening of arteries with cholesterol-like plaque. An article published in Chest reports the incidence of ischemic stroke is approximately 1- to 2-percent per year after MI. An Israeli clinical trial concluded the risk for stroke is greatest in the first month after MI (31-percent).
Treatment to prevent stroke after MI may include oral anticoagulants (blood thinners) and antiplatelet agents. The oral anticoagulant warfarin (Coumadin) is recommended in individuals after MI with persistent atrial fibrillation, decreased left ventricular function, or left ventricular blood clot. A study done by the American College of Physicians reported a decrease in stroke after MI of approximately 1-percent per year with warfarin. An article published in the Annals of Internal Medicine using the same guidelines suggested aspirin, an antiplatelet agent, reduces the risk for stroke after MI by approximately 30-percent.
4. Diabetes
Diabetes is one of the most common diagnoses in medicine and is an established risk factor for stroke. There are two types of diabetes—type 1 and type 2. In type 1-diabetes, the pancreas does not produce any insulin. Insulin is a hormone that lowers blood glucose levels. In type 2-diabetes, the body’s tissues are resistant to the action of insulin. Both types of diabetes result in high blood glucose levels, or hyperglycemia.
Diabetes is diagnosed when the fasting blood glucose level is equal to or greater than 126 mg/dl. Individuals with diabetes are at increased for ischemic stroke. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) reports individuals with diabetes are 1.5-times more likely to have a stroke than nondiabetics. Diabetics are also more likely to have hypertension and hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol), which further increases the risk for stroke. The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) demonstrated a 25-percent reduction in stroke with more intensive blood glucose control.
1. Prior Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack
Having a stroke puts an individual at increased risk for having another, or recurrent, stroke. The National Stroke Association estimates at least 25- to 35-percent of Americans who have a stroke each year will have a recurrent stroke within their lifetime. Within 5-years of an initial stroke, the risk for recurrent stroke can increase more than 40-percent. Within 5-years of a stroke, 24-percent of women and 42-percent of men will experience a recurrent stroke.
A transient ischemic attack, also referred to as a mini-stroke, may have the same symptoms as a stroke, but the symptoms resolve in minutes to hours (usually less than 24 hours). Symptoms may include weakness, trouble speaking, vision problems, headache, and dizziness. TIA is a medical emergency because it puts individuals at increased for stroke. According to the National Stroke Association 40-percent of individuals who have a TIA will have an actual stroke. Nearly 50-percent of all strokes occur within a few days after TIA.
2. Hypertension
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a major risk factor for stroke. An article published in Hypertension reports the condition affects approximately 43-million individuals in the United States. If an individual is older than 60-years, hypertension is defined as a blood pressure greater than 150/90 mm Hg. If an individual is younger than 60-years, hypertension is defined as a blood pressure greater than 140/90-mm Hg. An article published in the Archives of Internal Medicine reports less than 30-percent of those being treated have blood pressure lower than 140/90-mm Hg.
Hypertension is the most common and modifiable risk factor for stroke. The treatment of hypertension reduces the risk of stroke. An article published in Lancet reports that a decrease in diastolic blood pressure of 5- to 6-mm Hg reduces the risk for stroke by 42-percent. The Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) study shows treatment of isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly decreases the risk for stroke by 36-percent.
3. Myocardial Infarction
Myocardial infarction (MI), or heart attack, is a major risk factor for stroke. It is directly related to and caused by atherosclerosis, which is the hardening of arteries with cholesterol-like plaque. An article published in Chest reports the incidence of ischemic stroke is approximately 1- to 2-percent per year after MI. An Israeli clinical trial concluded the risk for stroke is greatest in the first month after MI (31-percent).
Treatment to prevent stroke after MI may include oral anticoagulants (blood thinners) and antiplatelet agents. The oral anticoagulant warfarin (Coumadin) is recommended in individuals after MI with persistent atrial fibrillation, decreased left ventricular function, or left ventricular blood clot. A study done by the American College of Physicians reported a decrease in stroke after MI of approximately 1-percent per year with warfarin. An article published in the Annals of Internal Medicine using the same guidelines suggested aspirin, an antiplatelet agent, reduces the risk for stroke after MI by approximately 30-percent.
4. Diabetes
Diabetes is one of the most common diagnoses in medicine and is an established risk factor for stroke. There are two types of diabetes—type 1 and type 2. In type 1-diabetes, the pancreas does not produce any insulin. Insulin is a hormone that lowers blood glucose levels. In type 2-diabetes, the body’s tissues are resistant to the action of insulin. Both types of diabetes result in high blood glucose levels, or hyperglycemia.
Diabetes is diagnosed when the fasting blood glucose level is equal to or greater than 126 mg/dl. Individuals with diabetes are at increased for ischemic stroke. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) reports individuals with diabetes are 1.5-times more likely to have a stroke than nondiabetics. Diabetics are also more likely to have hypertension and hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol), which further increases the risk for stroke. The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) demonstrated a 25-percent reduction in stroke with more intensive blood glucose control.
7 Risk Factors for Stroke | |
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